为有犯罪记录者及其权益倡导者提供的公平住房工具包
该工具包旨在帮助有犯罪记录的人利用公平住房法来消除在寻找安全、稳定住房方面存在的一些障碍。
请注意: Project Sentinel 网站的维护未使用任何联邦资金。

公平住房是指所有人享有免受基于其所属受保护群体身份的歧视的权利。
近三分之一的美国成年人有犯罪记录。 其中,少数族裔成年人的比例过高。统计数据显示,非裔美国人和拉丁裔在监狱人口中的比例显著高于其他族裔。95%的人最终会出狱,但出狱后,许多刑满释放人员——其中非裔美国人和拉丁裔的比例尤其高——在寻找新的住所时举步维艰。
保护自己免受歧视
歧视的形式多种多样。拒绝将房屋出租给某人、向租户提供不同的租赁条款和条件,或基于受保护类别将某些租户隔离在同一栋楼的某个区域,这些行为均属违法。发表歧视性言论或发布基于受保护类别的歧视性广告也属违法。对于残疾人士而言,歧视可能包括房东拒绝做出必要的合理调整,例如更改政策或做法,以确保残疾人士能够充分使用和享受其住所。
歧视可以是直接的。因某人属于受保护群体而针对其制定的规则或采取的行动,都被视为直接歧视。
歧视可能是间接的。有时,一项政策不会专门针对某个特定群体,但仍然可能对受保护群体成员产生不成比例的负面影响。
但也有例外。某些房产不受联邦公平住房法的约束,例如业主自住且单元不超过四套的房屋。不过,州法律可以弥补大部分此类漏洞。加州的《公平住房和就业法》涵盖所有住宅,但合租房屋和业主自住但出租单间的情况除外。

这看起来眼熟吗?
“我们非常重视住户的合法权益,确保他们不参与任何非法活动。如果您曾被逮捕、传讯、起诉、认罪或被判犯有任何罪行,您将不符合我们的租赁标准。”
对于有犯罪记录的人来说,公平住房意味着什么?
许多房屋出租方通常会制定政策,拒绝有监禁记录的申请人。有些房东甚至拒绝将房屋出租给有逮捕记录的人。这些政策表面上看似中立,但实际上可能违反公平住房法。
公平住房法并未明确保护有犯罪记录的人,有时因某人有犯罪记录而拒绝出租房屋可能是合理的。然而,一概拒绝向有犯罪记录的人出租房屋则属于歧视。
因某人属于受保护群体而对其进行歧视是违法的,无论该人是否有犯罪记录。如果房东因为一位父亲有子女而拒绝将其房屋出租给有犯罪记录的父亲,那么无论其是否有犯罪记录,他的权利都受到了侵犯。
房东不得以歧视的方式执行政策。例如,房东不能选择性地仅对非裔美国申请人执行犯罪记录审查政策,也不能对有犯罪记录的白人租户给予优于有相同犯罪记录的拉丁裔租户的待遇。
由于非裔美国人和拉丁裔的逮捕、定罪和监禁比例过高,一概拒绝向有犯罪记录者出租房屋的政策会造成基于种族和国籍的差别影响。犯罪记录并非《公平住房法》保护的特征。然而,基于犯罪记录的租赁限制可能会对不同种族或国籍的人造成不成比例的负面影响。刑事司法系统中的种族偏见并非房东的过错,但如果他们的租赁政策也体现了这种偏见,则可能违反了公平住房法。无论住房提供者的意图如何,任何对特定受保护群体造成不成比例影响的政策都可能违反《公平住房法》。

无论住房提供者的意图如何,如果犯罪记录政策对具有特定受保护特征的人群造成不成比例的影响,则可能违反《公平住房法》。
How can you determine whether a criminal records policy violates fair housing law?
要确 定住房提供者的犯罪记录政策是否违反公平住房法,您必须考虑以下两个问题:
该政策是否为实现实质性、合法且非歧视性利益所必需?如果该政策具有差别影响,即对特定受保护群体造成不成比例的影响,则住房提供者必须证明该政策为实现实质性、合法且非歧视性利益所必需。实质性、合法且非歧视性利益可能包括限制居民、员工或财产的安全风险。房东必须明确该政策旨在服务的合法目的,并证明现行政策确实实现了该目的。
是否存在歧视性更小的替代方案?基于合理商业理由而制定的、针对特定人群的政策,如果存在歧视性更小的替代方案,即使其目的相同,也可能违反公平住房法。例如,相比于全面禁止接受有犯罪记录的申请人,一种歧视性更小的替代方案是:要求对申请人的犯罪记录进行个别评估,并允许申请人提供相关的减刑信息,例如:
犯罪的事实和情况;
犯罪时该人的年龄;
有证据表明该人在犯罪前后保持了良好的租客记录;以及
康复工作的证据。
住房提供者无法为“无犯罪记录”或“无重罪或轻罪”之类的政策辩护。
那么,那些旨在保护人身和财产安全,却因某些原因拒绝出租房屋的政策又该如何看待呢?
既往犯罪记录?犯罪记录或许可以证明某人犯了罪,但并非所有犯罪记录都具有相同的效力。一概禁止任何有犯罪记录的人在任何时候入住都过于宽泛,因为它没有针对保护人身和财产的双重目标进行专门设计。基于犯罪记录而剥夺住房机会的政策应经过精心制定,并考虑到以下因素:
1. 定罪的性质
2. 定罪的严重程度
3. 犯罪活动发生的时间
曾被逮捕过?逮捕本身并不代表有罪。逮捕仅仅表明某人曾被怀疑犯罪。由于逮捕本身并不能证明任何事情,因此房屋提供者不能声称有逮捕记录的人比没有逮捕记录的人更危险。将有逮捕记录的人排除在住房机会之外的政策是非法的。
住房提供者的政策必须具体明确。
住房提供者不能以“无犯罪记录”或“无重罪或轻罪”为由制定政策。政策必须更加具体才能经得起审查,例如区分对他人健康或安全构成合理威胁的重罪与所有重罪和轻罪,或者将追溯期限制在三年以内,而不是仅仅因为申请人曾有过任何犯罪记录就取消其资格。
例外情况:
一些住房提供者接受政府资助,但政府会根据非法制造或分销管制药物的定罪或性犯罪者登记情况来设定资格限制。
在某些情况下,政府补贴住房的提供者有权根据犯罪记录拒绝申请人入住。您有权随时索取此政策的副本。如果申请人目前正在从事或在做出入住决定前的一段合理时间内从事过与毒品相关的犯罪活动、暴力犯罪活动,或以其他方式威胁他人健康或安全或房屋的正常使用,政府补贴住房的提供者可以拒绝其入住。但是,如果房东行使此项酌情权的方式导致基于种族或国籍的差别对待,则该政策仍可能违反公平住房法。
州和市政府也可能资助经济适用房开发项目。在某些情况下,这些项目可能要求进行犯罪记录审查,或者反过来限制此类审查的使用。例如,旧金山禁止接受市政府资助的住房提供者在确定申请人符合租房资格之前询问其犯罪记录,并进一步限制了住房提供者可以用来拒绝申请人的犯罪记录类型。
寻找住房

申请前
Many housing providers run criminal background checks as part of their tenant screening process. It’s important to know what’s in your background report so you are prepared to address any issues that may arise. It may turn out something you remember as a conviction is not actually on your record, or you incorrectly remember the exact conviction. Instead of guessing what is on your record, find out for sure.
A landlord should let you know whether a background check is required. If it’s not clear, you can simply ask what criteria a landlord uses to evaluate applications. Under state and federal law, a private landlord must obtain your written permission prior to running a background check. You also have a right to request a copy of such reports within two years after the landlord (or anyone else) receives a copy.
Most landlords use private companies to access your criminal background report. These reports are usually limited to information about arrests and convictions within the past seven years. However, a landlord may have access to information dating back more than seven years.
There is no single official version of your criminal record. Because housing providers, and the companies that provide information to housing providers, get their information from different sources, you may also want to get information about your record from multiple sources. Most sources charge a fee for record, therefore, it’s important for you to have as much information from as many different sources as possible.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) can provide a copy of your criminal record with information about arrests, charges, and convictions that occurred anywhere within the U.S. and its territories. You can request a copy of your record at: https://www.fbi.gov/services/cjis/identity-history-summary-checks
State agencies, such as the California Department of Justice, can give you information about any arrests, charges, or convictions that happened in the state. Sometimes, the version of your record you receive might have more information than would be provided to a third party who requests it. Your state agency should be able to tell you if this is the case.
County records of arrest and prosecution (RAP) sheets will have information about arrests, charges, and convictions that occurred within a specific county. You can get a copy of your RAP sheets from local agencies, like police departments, sheriff’s offices, courthouses, or the public defender’s office where you were a client.
Private companies found online will run a criminal background report that pulls from various sources. Some landlords also use public information databases (like county jail and mugshot websites or internet searches) to gain information about your criminal history. Before applying for housing, you may want to search for your name in those databases as well.
Consider different options for limiting the effect of an arrest or conviction on your search for housing, such as fixing errors, sealing your record, seeking an expungement, or exploring whether you’re eligible for a reduction of a felony conviction to a misdemeanor. Unfortunately, RAP sheets and other background checks often contain errors. Procedures for fixing errors vary depending on the type of record.
You can correct your FBI record by contacting the court or law enforcement agency that provided the information to the FBI, or by filing a challenge letter with the FBI itself. For private background checks, companies are required by law to investigate and correct any errors you report.
“Sealing” a juvenile case means destroying all records (court, law enforcement, etc.) as if the case never occurred. You may ask the court to have your juvenile record sealed. There are specific eligibility requirements, and certain steps must be taken.
“Sealing” an adult arrest record means removing all information related to an arrest from your RAP sheet. Once this process is completed, the arrest is considered to have never happened.
Presidential pardons are available for all federal convictions, not just high-profile cases. In limited circumstances, the law allows for expungements and dismissals of federal or state convictions. In California, your record will change to reflect that the conviction was dismissed, but the offense will still be present. This will prevent information about the conviction from being included in some criminal background reports.
Several California laws, like Proposition 47, Proposition 64, and Penal Code section 17(b), provide for the reclassification, resentencing, or reduction of certain felony convictions to misdemeanors or infractions. Reducing a felony to a misdemeanor allows you to say that you’ve never been convicted of a felony on certain housing applications.
A Certificate of Rehabilitation is a court order that states a previously-convicted person is officially rehabilitated. It can be used as a mitigating factor when applying for housing. This certification also operates as an automatic application and recommendation for a Governor’s pardon.
A Governor’s pardon officially forgives a conviction. While it will not erase the conviction from your record, it can be a mitigating factor used to show that you are rehabilitated.
申请住房时
除非申请过程中被明确询问,否则您无需主动提供犯罪记录信息。但是,如果被问及,切勿撒谎——无论您的犯罪记录具体情况如何,撒谎都可能成为申请被拒的合法理由。如果您不确定,请不要猜测自己的记录内容;而是坦诚地说明您并不知情。如果您认为自己很可能因为犯罪记录而被拒,您可以考虑在申请材料中附上一些可以减轻拒签影响的信息,例如改过自新的证明。
如果你的住房申请被拒绝了该怎么办?
In many situations, if you are denied for housing, the housing provider should give you a written letter with the reason for the denial. This is always the case for government-funded housing providers. Private housing providers must give written notice only if the denial is based on information in a consumer report, such as a background check.
If you know or suspect the denial was based on your criminal record, you have several options, including: 1) provide mitigating evidence; 2) educate the housing provider on fair housing law; 3) request a reasonable accommodation if your criminal record was connected to a disability ; or 4) file a fair housing complaint if you feel you have been discriminated against.
Provide mitigating evidence: “Mitigating evidence” means additional information that lessens the gravity of a criminal offense. Mitigating evidence includes:
-
The facts and circumstances surrounding the crime
-
Your age at the time of the crime
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Evidence you have maintained a good tenant history
-
Evidence of rehabilitation efforts
Providing this information to a landlord and asking for reconsideration of the denial may improve your chances of getting into housing. You may want to gather this information before you even apply for housing so you are prepared to submit it quickly in case of a denial. You should make sure the information you provide presents you in the best light possible.
Educate the housing provider: Some landlords may simply be unaware of the law and the effects of criminal records policies on people in protected classes. You can provide the housing provider with a copy of the HUD guidance (included at the end of this toolkit), and you can also contact a local fair housing agency like Project Sentinel for assistance in educating the housing provider.
Make a reasonable housing accommodation request: Some courts have found landlords may be required to make an exception to their criminal record policies as an accommodation when an applicant’s crime was directly connected to a disability, and the applicant can show granting his accommodation would not result in the direct threat of harm to others or damage to property.

公平住房法包含对残疾人的特殊保护条款,包括获得合理便利的权利。
合理的便利措施是指对规则、政策、做法或服务进行必要的改变,以使残疾人有平等的机会使用和享受住所。
如何申请合理便利措施?
合理便利是指对规则、政策、做法或服务进行必要的调整,以确保残疾人士享有平等的机会使用和享受住所。要确定您是否符合合理便利的条件,您必须对以下问题回答“是”:
您是否有残疾?在加利福尼亚州,如果一个人存在精神或身体障碍,且该障碍限制了其一项或多项主要生活活动,或者曾有此类障碍的记录,或者被认为存在此类障碍,则该人被视为残疾人士。过去的吸毒史可能构成残疾,但目前非法吸毒不被视为残疾。
这项便利措施对于您平等地使用和享受您的住所是否必要?您必须确定这项便利措施(此处指对犯罪记录政策的例外处理)对于您与非残疾人士平等地使用和享受您的住所是否必要。为了证明其必要性,您应该能够解释您的残疾如何影响了您的犯罪记录。您可能还需要解释目前情况发生了哪些变化,以及是什么让您确信相关的犯罪行为不会再次发生。
第三方验证
如果您的残疾情况不明显,或者您的申请与残疾之间的关联不明确,住房提供方可以要求合格的第三方进行核实。最好确保由了解情况的第三方提供的核实信息包含以下内容:
使用正式信笺抬头;
说明作者是如何认识你的——例如,一位已经为你治疗两年的医生;
确认您符合公平住房法所定义的残疾标准,并解释您的残疾如何限制了您的一项或多项主要生活活动;
解释您因残疾而需要获得政策豁免的情况——例如,您因袭击罪被定罪是由于未治疗的精神疾病所致,而您现在正在接受有效的治疗。
如何申请合理的便利措施?
您可以口头或书面提出住宿安排请求。最好以书面形式提出请求,以便您保留请求内容和时间的证据。在您的合理住宿安排请求信中,您应该:1)说明您的请求内容——例如,请求豁免过去四年内曾犯有任何重罪的申请人的禁令;2)解释您的残疾与该请求之间的关联。您还应该要求在合理的时间内得到回复,例如两周。如果房东在合理的时间后仍未回复,则可能构成拒绝您的请求。
房东可以拒绝我的请求吗?
If you have a disability and a disability-related need for an accommodation, a landlord must grant your request unless it’s unreasonable, meaning that granting it would be unduly burdensome, require a fundamental alteration of the housing provider’s services, or pose a credible, verifiable, direct threat to the health, safety, or quiet enjoyment of others.
Wrongful denial of a reasonable accommodation request is a violation of fair housing law.
案例分析
一年多前,拉尔夫因未确诊的精神疾病而精神崩溃,并袭击了一名公交车司机。
他因袭击罪被判入狱五个月。目前他处于缓刑期,正在接受治疗,精神疾病控制良好。
拉尔夫向一位房东申请租房,该房东有一项政策,拒绝将房屋出租给过去18个月内犯有暴力罪行的申请人。拉尔夫请求房东破例,作为对其残疾情况的合理便利。他提供了一封精神科医生的信函,证明他被定罪的原因是精神疾病,并进一步解释说他与残疾相关的行为已得到控制。房东可能需要放弃这项政策,作为一项合理的便利措施。

如果你的住房权利受到侵犯,你可以采取哪些措施?
向公平住房机构寻求帮助。 像“哨兵计划”(Project Sentinel)这样的当地公平住房机构可以为您提供有关您权利的咨询,教育您的住房提供者,并协助您通过行政投诉来维护您的权利。
向美国住房和城市发展部或州/政府机构提出投诉。 如果您遭遇违反联邦《公平住房法》的行为,包括基于联邦保护类别(种族、肤色、宗教、国籍、性别、家庭状况和残疾)的歧视,您可以在最后一次歧视行为发生后一年内向美国住房和城市发展部 (HUD) 提出投诉。您可以在线提交投诉,网址为: https://www.hud.gov/program_offices/fair_housing_equal_opp/online-complaint ,或致电 (800) 347-3739。
在加利福尼亚州,您可以向加州民权部 (CRD) 投诉,网址为https://www.calcivilrights.ca.gov或致电 ( 800) 884-1684。CRD 将调查违反州公平住房法的行为,该法涵盖联邦法律未涵盖的其他特征,例如年龄、主要语言、公民身份/移民身份、性取向、性别认同/表达、婚姻状况、收入来源,或任何其他与个人作为良好租户的能力无关的任意特征。您必须在最后一次歧视行为发生后一年内提出投诉。
HUD 和 CRD 不会调查同一投诉,所以你只需向其中一个机构提交投诉即可。
向法院提起诉讼。具体流程因法院而异,最好找一位律师。大多数情况下,您必须在最后一次歧视行为发生之日起两年内向州法院或联邦法院提起住房歧视诉讼。
其他相关资源

了解您的权利
根据联邦和州公平住房法,任何参与者的行为都是违法的。
涉及房屋买卖或租赁的各方,包括业主、物业经理和员工、房地产经纪人、业主协会、收容所、银行和移动房屋园区:
拒绝出租或出售房屋
收取更高的租金或押金
引导人们前往或离开特定社区或建筑物内的住宅。
驱逐房客
适用不同的规则或标准,或者其他方式
区别对待他人
骚扰或威胁购房者、其朋友和家人
……因为具有以下受保护特征之一:
联邦保护群体:
种族
颜色
国籍
宗教
性别
残疾
家庭状况*
加州保护所有相同的联邦类别,但还提供额外的保护类别。
加州受保护群体:
退伍军人或现役军人身份
祖先
性别认同与表达
收入来源**
性取向
婚姻状况
移民身份
主要语言
国籍
任意特征(与一个人是否能成为好租户无关)。
*有18岁以下子女的家庭
**第 8 节/联邦、州或地方公共援助和住房补贴
